Violence and Rock & Roll: Hand in Hand? :: essays research papers fc

Violence and Rock & Roll: Hand in Hand? People that have been to concerts know what kind of damage goes on, and how many innocent people are hurt by the violence that goes on at these shows. This is something that needs to end. Many people have been punched, kicked, shoved, thrown, hit by flying objects, fallen, trampled, crushed and, sadly in many cases, sexually assaulted. Concert-goers have suffered from concussions, wounds, rape, and death. All this violence can be ended, but it’s getting worse and worse by the day. The more the fans get out of hand, the more injuries people will undergo. Many people don’t want to go to concerts any more, because of the fact that there is too much hostility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concerts nowadays are too brutal. This violence needs to end. Even the artists that play at these shows are outraged by this aggression. Even they want to make this end. â€Å"Concerts get such a band name, because of all the [violence] and everything like that,† said Limp Bizkit (a ‘flavor-of-the-month’ band) guitarist Wes Borland. Sprains and broken bones resulting from moshing (a violent form of â€Å"dance† in which fans careen off one another) and crowd surfing (a practice in which fans are passed over head by the members of the crowd) have been common at concerts for many years. As many people remember at Woodstock ’99 the destruction at the festival was at its peak. This shows how degraded popular culture has become. â€Å"The thing that I felt was unfair, in the follow-up in the press, was the demonization of a generation,† said guitarist Tom Morello of, a popular band, Rage Against the Machine, â€Å"There was jus t this vilification of a whole generation and the bands that they like, based on this concert. I think it’s ridiculous.† (Arizona Republic, 10-3-99) But who’s to say that this violent behavior doesn’t go on at other concerts? Well, in fact it does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One trend that has occurred at concerts, are the numbers of sexual assaults. Many girls have been groped, sexually harassed, beat, and even in many cases raped. Just at Woodstock ’99 alone there were 8 sex offences, which included an alleged mosh pit rape, which police were aware of. Tom Morello also added that, â€Å"The one thing that is absolutely unforgivable or unpardonable are the reported sexual assaults.†(Arizona Republic; Phoenix; Oct. 3, 1999) The mosh pit scene at a recent Vans Warped Tour show in Asbury Park, N.

Compare or Contrast Public and Private Companies

In today’s highly commercial world, one of the key objectives of starting a business is to make profit. While this might be true and important to every business, â€Å"most people believe that a business should not focus solely on profitability, but on the quality of products and services it offers to its customers†.This essay will discuss the various perspectives on the topic and will to a large extent agree with the view that businesses should not just focus on profit, by looking at customer desire for high quality product and their willingness to pay, then highlighting how focus on quality can lead to lower cost of product and profitability; as well as how quality influence organisation to be socially responsible, sustainable and profitable.First, a strong reason to concentrate on improving quality of product or services of an organisation is the fact that customers desires high quality good, and are willing to pay for value added. This was corroborated by (Nagar and Rajan 2001), who found out that â€Å"poor product quality reduces customer goodwill and loyalty which in turn affects future revenues as dissatisfied customers take their business elsewhere or pay less for the firm’s product. Such a product and the firm producing it acquire a bad reputation since poor product quality leaves a lasting impression on the consumer who perceives it as a low quality brand. In order for a product to be a perceived as a premium brand, a firm must continually improve on the quality of its products or services. A satisfied customer base lead to good brand perception and will open the door to numerous repeated purchases and referrals which will in turn help the firm to grow its market share, become more competitiveness and increase its profitability.Focusing on quality significantly lowers cost of production at long run. Operations Management (Russell and Taylor, 2000) explains that, manufacturing of products to a high quality standard through implem entation of quality management system have a large impact on overall quality cost reduction, it also argues that it saves time and money by reducing the amount of defective products that could result in wastes, thereby lowering significantly the costs of production, as well as cost to re-work defective products.Without a quality management system, poor-quality and defective products may finds their way into the market, through to the customer leading to warranty claims, product returns and in extreme litigation from product liability or injury to the customer. This may have a serious financial implication to the company as the costs associated with product recall and warranties would be enormous and in extreme case the damages imposed due to litigation could make the company insolvent, leading to a total collapse.However, an opposing view on this is that profit maximization is should be the main focus of the business as long as it pays its taxes and operates within the ambit of the law (Friedman, 1962). Certainly, this view may have worked for organisations in the 1800’s; it definitely does not apply in today’s modern and globalised world. The perspective is not only very narrow in view; it also fails to take into consideration other stakeholders who are affected by its activities of, but can also affect its existence.To these types of organisations, making ethical decisions is seen only from the viewpoint costly and profit. Organisations operating for profit alone are yet to appreciate the advantages of good corporate social responsibility and capitalize on it to grow their businesses in a sustainable and socially responsible manner. This drive for profit has led many to slash of employee’s benefits and salaries benefits; pollute the environment and cause permanent damage to the ecosystem all in bid to improve their bottom-line and many have earned a very bad reputation, suffer product boycott and tarnish their corporate image.In concludi ng this essay, as much as profit is very essential to the survival of a business, I want to agree that businesses should focus more on the improving quality of its products or services. This can be clearly seen to from the fact customer expects high quality at good value always, and because improving the quality will eventually bring down cost of production for a company. As well, quality focus drives a company to take ethical decisions and operate in a socially responsible and sustainable manner.It may be tempting for a business to sacrifice quality in order maximize its profit. However, it benefits will only be in the short term. A simple focus on profit maximization could destroy the continued existence of the business, not to mention the society in which it operates. A firm aiming extreme profit might purposefully cut corners during a project, knowing it gets the perks of a better quarter for now; knowing a future management team will have to deal with the damage of spill-induce d lawsuit, fines, and a haul-up to it at the Criminal Court.

Eating Food That Dies - 1900 Words

â€Å"Real food is alive – and therefore it should eventually die† (Food Rules: An Eater’s Manual 29). Foods with seemingly infinite shelf lives continue to reach Americans’ stomachs more frequently than ever before. Their impact on modern day America causes devastating health issues and diseases. Current heart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes rates have been drastically increasing since World War II (In Defense of Food 22). Today’s society fails to embrace the lost art of dining. Food manufacturers focus on the convenience of consumption and storage rather than the natural nutritional value of food. In an age when processed food consumption continues to escalate, and chronic diseases follow suit, current trends imply that natural,†¦show more content†¦Fast food restaurants in particular promote nourishing and nutritious dishes without mentioning the overwhelming amount of sodium, calories, and fat in each dish. With many families involved in numerous extra-curricular activities, fast food has become a staple in today’s society. Olive Garden, one of America’s most famous Italian restaurants, advertises â€Å"fresh, delicious Italian food† (â€Å"Who We Are†). While they may be delicious, many dishes at Olive Garden will not provide any health benefit for the consumer (Barnhart). Many of the dishes served, including the â€Å"Chicken Alfredo Pizza,† â€Å"Tour of Italy,† and â€Å"Steak Gorgonzola Alfredo,† have about 1,350 calories and 60 grams of fat each (Barnhart). With a suggested daily caloric intake of 2000 and daily fat intake of 65 grams by the Food and Drug Administration, each dish possesses over half a day’s worth of calories and nearly an entire day’s worth of fat (Barnhart). The â€Å"Chicken Alfredo Pizza† alone contains 3,200 milligrams of sodium, over twice the daily recommendation (Barnhart). Often misleading, many fast food restaurants sell â€Å"healthy† salads no better than their burgers. A McDonald’s Caesar salad without chicken or dressing contains 90 calories, 4 grams of fat, and 180 milligrams of sodium (â€Å"McDonald’s Nutrition Facts Calorie Information†). With grilled chicken, it contains 220 calories, 6 grams of fat, and 890 milligrams of sodium (â€Å"McDonald’s Nutrition Facts Calorie Information†). The crispyShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of A Farewell To Arms1581 Words   |  7 PagesA Farewell to Arms is a war novel that follows an American Frederic Henry who is an ambulance driver in Italy volunteering in World War One. What does one generally associate with Italy? Most people would say its food, beautiful sights, romance and pleasant weather. Now, how about World War One? Brutal trench warfare, disease and mechanised killing. Now, A Farewell to Arms actually manages to contain both, without much conflict, d espite the two subjects seemingly to directly contradict each otherRead MoreThe Symbolism of Eating and Food in Bartleby, The Scrivener Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagescommand of the English language to convey the characters, setting, and plot effectively; and in the midst of all the detailed descriptions Melville have used food and the action of eating as powerful symbols. In the story three of the characters have names that are associated with food, and the main character of study, Bartleby, eventually dies of starvation by choice. Given the setting of the story was in the onset of the second industrial revolution, the coming of the big corporations where WallRead MoreEating Disorder Outline951 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose: I will inform my classmate about one of the social justice topic which is eating disorder. 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However, he found outRead MoreThe Essence Of All Religions1058 Words   |  5 Pagesis different. In every religion, something makes it unique from all others. Food is to the body as knowledge is to the mind. Dietary practices has been a part of religious practices of been for centuries. Different cultures and religion use food in different ways. In most religion, like the Jewish religion, food not only provides the body with sustenance but it also provides a way for Jews to worship God. The different foods represent various the aspects of God, life, and especially religious lifeRead MoreInfluence Of Society On A Teenager1039 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes have a big influence on women and man. The role of society pressures for thinness, causing individuals to suffer from anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are two common eating disorders. They both result in a poor caloric intake. In anorexia, the poor calorie intake is due to inadequate eating. In bulimia, the person vomits soon after a meal without digestion and absorption. They are many similarities as well as the difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. BeforeRead MoreEssay about Super Size Me1078 Words   |  5 Pagesare familiar with McDonald’s and its unhealthy menu; however, that does not stop many from visiting the fast food giant. Super Size Me is an in-depth film by Morgan Spurlock, which shows viewers his journey from healthy eating to becoming a fast food junkie. Viewers are able to see the damage that the unhealthy food from McDonald’s causes while Spurlock eats three meals a day from the fast food chain. Spurlock visits three schools, each with different meal programs. The differences in the healthy andRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1129 Words   |  5 PagesPaul’s friends died near the end of the war. Kropp’s leg is also amputated like Kemmerich when he was shot after running away from a battle with Paul. Kropp soon dies afterward after getting a fever from the wound. Paul finds out that another friend, Mà ¼ller, dies after being shot in the stomach. Mà ¼ller gives everything away before he dies, including the boots that Kemmerich gave Paul to give to Mà ¼ller. Paul says that he would give the boot to Tjaden when his time is up. The next person to die isRead MoreShould Vegetarians Be Vegetarian?997 Words   |  4 Pagesnon-vegetarians or vice versa is not true. Eating vegetables and food made of vegetables alone is not balanced diet neither is eating meat only. Vegetarians argue that they have better control of their weight because they abstain from eating foods that contain fats. Today, chemicals, growth hormones and antibiotics have become an important part of animal feeding. Animals are not raised naturally and this is one of the main causes of weight gain among non-vegetarians. Eating animals is a natural part of theRead MoreThe House Of Usher, By Edgar Allan Poe1004 Words   |  5 Pagestheir eating of blood to survive. On page 5 it says â€Å"He suffered much more than a morbid acuteness of the senses; the most insipid food was alone endurabl e† (Poe 5). Roderick was eating only certain foods because others food bothered him. As a vampire if he doesn’t get the blood he won’t be satisfied. He is eating food that we humans eat on a daily basis. Humans usually never complain that the foods bothered them and they can eat only a few things. Roderick is probably eating the only foods that

Jane Eyre And Remains Of The Day By Kazuo Ishiguro

Writers present issues of self awareness through common craft such as Narrative technique, Point of view, Setting description and dialogue. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s â€Å" Jane Eyre† and â€Å"Remains of the Day† by Kazuo Ishiguro both are told from the main protagonists point of view, and brings out their growing self awareness in themselves. The former is able to grow from this experience while the latter is unable to adapt and is therefore his growth is stunted. Jane Eyre , the main character of â€Å"Jane Eyre† is narrating her life from her infancy to her present married life. Her book began with her as a penniless orphan and as she is not directly related to the current head she does not have a position and is not seen as important. as the book progresses the reader is able to in a sense grow up with the child and learn her oddities and her righteousness with morals. One also becomes aware of her grown perception of self. Although she did begin as a s trong willed person, her status did not allow her to be conscious of her self first. The main protagonist of â€Å"Remains of the Day† is a butler who begins his story to go visit an old acquaintance that worked with him 20 years ago. Stevens s position as butler, and consequently as servant, has gradually made it impossible for him to show any emotion. One of the memories that are brought up to the reader is of when his father dies, Stevens is too occupied with worrying about being a proper butler to mourn . This is something

Why Social Capitol Is Important For The United States Of...

It is important to effectively integrate immigrants, and get them participating in Canadian political affairs. This will help Canadian society in the long term as it allows for a clearer understanding on how it is that their marginalized immigrant populous desires to be represented. Canada’s diverse population has various needs, and ethnic minorities are amalgamated as outliers as they continue to experience various forms of persistent inequality in the shape of social exclusion (and more specifically, social capitol). The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate why social capitol is important to immigrants, identify immigrant voting patterns in accumulation to how social capitol influences them, in addition to proposing a solution that†¦show more content†¦One of the ways in which social capitol seeks to incorporate immigrants into the fold of Canadian politics is through the pursuit of education and the comprehension of language (Nakhaie, 2). Education and language work unanimously in boosting immigrant participation levels in politics. It is through a greater knowledge base in education, paired with a comprehension in language that allows immigrants to acquire information and understand the mechanisms that relate to political participation (Nakhaie, 2). Basically, as an immigrant’s education increases the language barrier depletes this allows for an immigrant to contribute and participate to a greater extent in politics because of the diminishing language barrier (Nakhaie, 1). The development of effective and stable government depends significantly upon the alignment that people have in regards to the political process (Henderson, 2). This can be seen expressed in the people through another form of social capitol being the amount of trust that they have in the political system (Nakhaie, 3). The level of tolerance exercised, and norms of political responsibility that they feel they implement in order to ensure political co-operation and action social cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically through means such as education and for development to be sustainable (Henderson, 2). Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions that fortify a society, but a binding element that

Birth of America free essay sample

Over the years a lot of things have shaped the colonies. We call this the Birth of America. More than 200 years ago there were British, Dutch, French and Spanish colonies in North America. They were the first 13 states. When people came from Europe to America they noticed It was very different from their previous life. In the colonies land was cheap unlike Europe, and people looked forward to owning their own land. In Europe only the rich could own land. With the benefits In the colonies, Germany, Holland and Sweden and brought their customs with them. These traditions and customs are what shaped the colonies. Since the King of Great Brutal TLD pay much attention to the colonies, they started to govern themselves. In 1 764, there was an act call the sugar act that put tax on foreign sugar and increased taxes on coffee, indigo, and certain kinds of wine. It banned rum from being imported and also French wines. We will write a custom essay sample on Birth of America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These taxes only affected a certain portion of the population, but the affected merchants were very vocal. Besides, the taxes were raised without the permission of the colonists. This was one of the first circumstances in which colonists wanted a say in how much they were taxed. The next event was The Boston Massacre. It happened after drunken colonists started to throw snowballs at the British officials. The British shot at them and killed five people. The colonists were furious and the British were mad as well. No one seemed to be siding with the British except John Adams. He sided with them to put on a fair trial. He claimed that the officers were provoked to fire at the colonists. Then the 13 colonies boycotted the British goods. That was a huge problem for the British because the colonists were a major part of their trading. That was also a problem for the colonists because the British provided them with almost everything hey needed.The colonists were very resistant to give up their tea but eventually did The Boston Tea Party was the last event historically that led to the American Revolution. The colonists pretended to be Indians and came on the three boats that the British had docked, this made the British furious, and they dumped all of the tea Into Boston Harbor. The tea being thrown was hundreds of dollars down the drain. This resulted In a war. The American Revolution started In 1775- 1783. By skirmishers Europe to America they noticed it was very different from their previous life.In the own land. In Europe only the rich could own land. With the benefits in the colonies, the population expanded from 2. 5 million to 4 million. People came from France, traditions and customs are what shaped the colonies. Since the King of Great Britain didnt pay much attention to the colonies, they started to govern themselves. In 1764, there was an act call the sugar act that put tax on foreign sugar and into Boston Harbor.

Learning and Communicating Online Collaborative Learning

Question: Discuss what you have learnt about finding, using and evaluating online sources for academic communicationa? Answer: Internet and online resources have become catalysts for the contemporary learning style which is paving paths innovative learning opportunities and problem solving techniques (Macdonald, 2003). Collaborative online learning is a methodology to capitalize the sharing of innovative ideas over a platform for distributing the roles systematically. The online collaborative learning approach is suitable in the sense of idea formation, resource utilization, strategy evaluation, time utilization etc. Virtual classrooms and virtual space can aid in creating a network of students over the online portal. The unprecedented levels of informational technology and skills have made the signature for new tech savvy generation (Smith, 1992). There is a learning revolution empowered by online communication portals. Some examples of the credible online tools for collaborative learning are MERLOT expanded as Multimedia Educational Resource for Leaning Online Teaching is a resource providing links to online materials in plethora of subjects. Various other portals provide research papers of IEEE and other platforms giving accountable storehouse of information. CLOE, Cooperative Learning Object Exchange is a collaborative project taken up by universities to develop resources that are multimedia rich in nature and are available freely for use in the course teaching and learning purposes. INFOMINE is basically a portal for virtual library of resources relevant to students, faculty, and staff at the level of university. It is a storehouse of electronic journals, databases, electronic books, articles, directories, bulletin boards, online library card catalogs, research papers, mailing lists (Warschauer, 1997) etc. HorizonLive is a leading provider and platform for synchronous frameworks supporting live and web based collaboration under e learning including the features of web conferencing and interactive webcasts. Real time and web based communications can be made effective with its use. The biggest controversies of the time is to judge the credibility of the internet or online resource present for learning and study purposes. The learners and collaborative societies must have a critical eye to filter the credible resources (Metzger, 2010) and refer them for future study purposes. Most important aspect to consider is the evidence about the authority, knowledge, qualifications and credentials of the author publishing a particular piece of information. Second stage is to authenticate the organization associated with it along with certifications and reviews (Hilligoss, 2008). The author must have peer reviews for credential information sources. The information providing links and the online collaborative portals or libraries should be up to date to avoid any kind of discrepancies in the credible data. There must be a complete list of citations along with page numbers explicitly mentioned. The perspectives of the authors must not be generally biased and must specifically clarify the goals and presenting a fair focus over the topic mentioned. Internal links are preferable in a credential and authentic resource so as to focus over the attention of the author over the potential needs of a reader or a beginner in that subject. There are certain checkpoints that need to be kept in mind in the process of evaluation of the credibility of the source such as the type of source, date of publishing, the sources cited for its reference, objectivity and clarity, the background of the author (Brown, 2007) etc. Perceived credibility is the sum total of perceived trustworthiness along with perceived expertise (Greer, 2003). Incorporation of social validation, online trustees, and some of the profile based websites is the first step in the path of credible evaluation of online information. Online resources for a collaborative study is are escalating the level of competence and intellect among the users who can collaborate and learn together even after being thousand miles apart. Online learning predominantly includes self learning or training but this independent work can be transformed into collaborative form to play a valuable role in the process of learning. Shared understanding for a collaborative learning platform is far better than just merely sharing information and therefore, online collaborative portals promote shared understanding by creating a virtual space. Online learning helps in providing a sense of reflection and thinking, promoting differential learning options, the ability to bring people together by connecting them over a common platform etc. There are some of the attributes of online collaborative learning like group dialog, knowledge development, presentation of acquired knowledge and computer mediated communication (Curtis, 2001). Web 2.0 have revolutionized the outlook of collaborative learning by providing unimaginable levels of framework and environment to support collaborative learning. There have been development of free and user f riendly tools for promoting collaborative online learning. The portal is for co-creation of knowledge (Reeves, 2004) rather than just sharing and disseminating. The assessment of the philosophy behind online learning was based over the degree of knowledge construction, willingness of stakeholders to invest further in planning, designing, modelling, implementing and monitoring the necessary, scope of synchronous and asynchronous forms of communication in an online community (Stacey, 2007), innovation of new tools and methodologies in the same field, development of a clear rubrics for collaborative learning model etc. The stages of computer aided collaborative learning are communication, collaboration, cooperation, and community development. On one hand there are plethora of benefits leveraged out of online collaborative learning but on the same time there is a shady side too attached with it. Collaborative learning is one of the most economical way of leaning and sharing information in addition with provision of innovation. There is an escalated level of responsiveness as more number of resources can be used by the group as a whole. There will be an increased expertise in the group and every individual can gain something from it. With better decision making a lean learning model can be adopted with minimization of waste (Palloff, 1999) so as to get understanding of a broader picture of the changing and dynamic learning environments. In addition to access to a rich content and information storehouse, online collaborative learning groups provide an opportunity to connect and interact with the peers so as to maintain and uphold the level of intellect of the group. Instead of being passive receptors of knowledge and informa tion, learners are active participants in the whole process of learning (Redmond, 2006). In addition to creating a positive learning outcome in the academic background there have been affective, social and ethical escalation from the process of learning. It is a tool for promoting critical thinking skills by active participation, modelling of appropriate problem solving technique, personalization of lectures and tutorials (McAlpine, 2000) and motivation of the whole group under collaborative learning. There is a comprehensive and collaborative development of social support system by building diversity and creating a positive atmosphere for participation and cooperation.in addition there are psychological benefits too that is concerned with reduction of anxiety, development of self esteem and positive attitude etc. With the virtual nature of discussion and communication boards, students tend to be more democratic and free to express their views and thoughts by sharing it with everyon e who requires them. Many a times there is a lack of flexible implementation strategy that kills the uniqueness of every individual and their level of understanding, grasping or learning. There are some point of times in the whole process of collaborative online learning where the decision making can become protracted or complex and a coherent decision (Thorpe, 2002) is far from the sight. This can happen because of lack of a direct form of communication which is taking place just in the virtual space. The quantity and quality of interactivity can vary to a greater limit from one environment to another. One of the great disadvantage is to rely on any individual for information sharing as there is no such proof for the authenticity and credibility of the sources. Therefore, special care should be taken towards verifying the credibility of the sources of shared information. There is a possibility of escalation of faux leaders (Oliver, 1999) within the group to create more tension and complexity in the grou p. Computer aided collaborative learning should be considered as the panacea of every situation and condition of learning environment. Another aspect is the difficulty in evaluation of the online learning or collaborative group learning as it rises problems for the tutors and the instructors. There can be sometimes uneven distribution of workload and some individuals may get stressed with this form of implementation. Self centered and individual research is abandoned in this model and framework of study as it more likely generalize the diversity of interests (So, 2009) and the ability to produce uniqueness in the knowledge sharing. Artificial discussions are unable to create a holistic impact every time and hence the influential nature of the online learning may be suppressed (Fung*, 2004) by the overpowering nature of the knowledge and the bulk of information having various links to the other websites which may prove to be cumbersome. Therefore, online collaborative learning portals are the future for the 21st century and computer aided learning is becoming the buzzword for todays generation. E learning environments are on a hike and critical thinking is enhanced and refined with fast paced transparent learning frameworks. Modelling of such techniques will lead to a bright future and global competitive environments. There will be social, cognitive, psychological, intellectual and every form of growth and development by overcoming all the challenges. References 1. Macdonald, J. (2003). Assessing online collaborative learning: process and product. Computers Education, 40(4), 377-391.2. Smith, B. L., MacGregor, J. T. (1992). What is collaborative learning?.3. Warschauer, M. (1997). Computerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ mediated collaborative learning: Theory and practice. The Modern Language Journal, 81(4), 470-481.4. Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Medders, R. B. (2010). Social and heuristic approaches to credibility evaluation online. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 413-439.5. Metzger, M. J. (2007). Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(13), 2078-2091.6. Hilligoss, B., Rieh, S. Y. (2008). Developing a unifying framework of credibility assessment: Construct, heuristics, and interaction in context.Information Processing Management, 44(4), 1467-1484.7. Brown, J., Broderick, A. J., Lee, N. (2007 ). Word of mouth communication within online communities: Conceptualizing the online social network. Journal of interactive marketing, 21(3), 2-20.8. Greer, J. D. (2003). Evaluating the credibility of online information: A test of source and advertising influence. Mass Communication and Society, 6(1), 11-28.9. Curtis, D. D., Lawson, M. J. (2001). Exploring collaborative online learning.Journal of Asynchronous learning networks, 5(1), 21-34.10. Reeves, T. C., Herrington, J., Oliver, R. (2004). A development research agenda for online collaborative learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52(4), 53-65.11. Stacey, E. (2007). Collaborative learning in an online environment. International Journal of E-Learning Distance Education, 14(2), 14-33.12. Palloff, R. M., Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace(Vol. 99). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.13. Redmond, P., Lock, J. V. (2006). A flexible framework for online collaborative learning. The Internet a nd Higher Education, 9(4), 267-276.14. McAlpine, I. (2000). Collaborative learning online. Distance Education, 21(1), 66-80.15. Thorpe, M. (2002). Rethinking learner support: The challenge of collaborative online learning. Open learning, 17(2), 105-119.16. Oliver, R. (1999). Exploring strategies for online teaching and learning. Distance Education, 20(2), 240-254.17. So, H. J. (2009). When groups decide to use asynchronous online discussions: collaborative learning and social presence under a voluntary participation structure. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25(2), 143-160.18. Fung*, Y. Y. (2004). Collaborative online learning: Interaction patterns and limiting factors. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning,19(2), 135-149.